tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78739957989570626742024-02-21T02:38:54.623-08:00Thimblefuls of History"Today in History" postings. The blog looks for the hidden and entertaining part of the story in our history.Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.comBlogger324125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-39008667174310826522021-07-08T21:00:00.002-07:002021-07-08T21:00:00.171-07:00July 9: The "Ugly Laws"<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoG8-3S0CnVzC-r8oDE6cDAiseufvCTfJ-i7Tbzj6KPrn4aBC_CyGiOpR0pWj0DqsL8fiy6WacOUkCI_YZi6n3A4FjLAM6xAZZZQJQ9nOk-Bm2OWhHhHUaBqlZSpwny3Z56K6MK7m6vA/s1200/Ugly+Laws.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvoG8-3S0CnVzC-r8oDE6cDAiseufvCTfJ-i7Tbzj6KPrn4aBC_CyGiOpR0pWj0DqsL8fiy6WacOUkCI_YZi6n3A4FjLAM6xAZZZQJQ9nOk-Bm2OWhHhHUaBqlZSpwny3Z56K6MK7m6vA/s320/Ugly+Laws.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-family: arial;">July 9, 1867, the first "Ugly Law" <span style="font-size: 11pt;">was passed by </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">the City of San Francisco as order #783, </span></span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">“To Prohibit Street Begging, and to Restrain Certain Persons from Appearing in Streets and Public Places”.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">The initial primary purpose had more to do with appearance, prohibiting both the activity of street begging and the appearance in public of “certain persons”, however the laws actually prevented those with physical disabilities from coming out in public.</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></p><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">One of the most famous Ugly Laws came from Chicago 1881 ordinance: “</span><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">Any person who is diseased, maimed, mutilated, or in any way deformed, so as to be an unsightly or disgusting object, or an improper person to be allowed in or on the streets, highways, thoroughfares, or public places in the city, shall not therein or thereon expose himself or herself to public view, under the penalty of a fine of $1 to $50 for each offense”. (About $1100 in today’s dollars.) If the offending person could not pay, they were sent to the poorhouse.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">This may explain the phenomenon of “deformed” persons joining “the freak shows” in a circus. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">How coincidental that the height of the commercial success of the “freak show” was during the activity of these Ugly Laws.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">The Ugly Laws did not prohibit these people from being seen in public as entertainment ….. they just could not socialize with the public in restaurants, theaters, libraries, etc.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">Children and adults with disabilities, even mild ones,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">were hidden away or sent to asylums.</span></p><p><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">While immigrants and newly freed blacks became a big target of these laws, women bore the brunt of the Ugly Laws since “proper femininity” was definitive of how women should be. “</span><span style="background: white; color: #292929; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Columbus, Ohio had an ugly ordinance that included prohibitions on “lewd or lascivious behavior,” “indecent, immodest or filthy acts”….” Women accused of prostitution or even having a child out of wedlock could fall victim to these Ugly Laws, which led to the famous case of Buck vs. Bell in which Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes said “Three generations of imbeciles are enough!” as he sentenced Carrie Buck to involuntary sterilization after she gave birth to a child conceived during a rape.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">It was after WW2, when soldiers returned with missing limbs, scars and blindness, that these Ugly Laws began to be challenged, and recognition of the rights of the disabled began to lead the public conversations. But it was not until almost half a century later, on July 26, 1990, that the Americans With Disabilities Act was signed by President Bush.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">The last arrest under an Ugly Law was in Omaha Nebraska when a homeless man with multiple scars was arrested.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">The judge turned him loose by saying although the law was active and enforceable, there was no clear or legal definition of “ugly”, therefore the defendant did not meet the criteria.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">Chicago repealed the last Ugly Law on the books in 1974.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;">Sources:</span><br /></p><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freak_show</span></a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_law#:~:text=Thus%20ugly%20laws%20were%20methods,by%20the%20Panic%20of%201893"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_law#:~:text=Thus%20ugly%20laws%20were%20methods,by%20the%20Panic%20of%201893</span></a><span style="font-size: 9pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><a href="https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/54d39e27f8a0ea4706000009"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">https://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/54d39e27f8a0ea4706000009</span></a></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt;">NPR</span></li><li><a href="https://timeline.com/in-the-1800s-there-were-literally-laws-against-being-ugly-and-no-surprise-who-suffered-most-c0b7a26ba8c9"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">https://timeline.com/in-the-1800s-there-were-literally-laws-against-being-ugly-and-no-surprise-who-suffered-most-c0b7a26ba8c9</span></a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990#Final_passage"><span style="font-size: 9pt;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990#Final_passage</span></a></li></ul>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-71238147623765986302021-03-03T14:28:00.005-08:002021-03-03T14:28:59.453-08:00ELIZABETH KECKLEY - Seamstress in the White House<p> <span style="font-family: arial;">On this date in history - March 4, 1861 - </span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-W1IjmcUYqzRGalvVWQ5x9Z-Qk8T8tdxpe2KTjNsEJSRS5sHpAVajp5PQpksFOASGak1g-HbocBPrYdJ6VpVuPstJU3yJIy1A3dis00-nuvm7nTi3rj1HfmkcFP60yVAU4Fa9BE8E9A/s824/elizabeth-keckley-portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="455" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT-W1IjmcUYqzRGalvVWQ5x9Z-Qk8T8tdxpe2KTjNsEJSRS5sHpAVajp5PQpksFOASGak1g-HbocBPrYdJ6VpVuPstJU3yJIy1A3dis00-nuvm7nTi3rj1HfmkcFP60yVAU4Fa9BE8E9A/s320/elizabeth-keckley-portrait.jpg" /></a></div><br />Elizabeth Keckley meets
Mary Todd Lincoln on the day of Lincoln’s first </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Inauguration and ended up becoming Mrs. Lincoln’s
dressmaker and companion.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Keckley was born a slave, owned by her father. She
became a nursemaid to her master’s baby when she was 4 or 5. Her mother, a
domestic servant and seamstress, was well liked by the family and was allowed
to be taught to read and write. She taught these skills to her daughter
Elizabeth. </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The white family had multiple financial problems
and Elizabeth’s sewing skills were eventually used to make money for the family
and their 17 children.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">She offered to
give all of her money to her owner in exchange for not hiring out Elizabeth’s
aged mother for extra money as they were on the verge of bankruptcy.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Soon other white women were coming to her for
their dresses.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">She found supporters who helped her buy her and her
only son’s freedom, then moved to Washington DC. where she found it hard to set
up a business unless she could find a white person to vouch that she was really
free.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">A client helped put her in touch
with a few influential people, including Varna Davis, the wife of soon-to-be
Confederate President Jefferson Davis. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Davis encouraged Elizabeth to come with her to
the South “….as a war will soon be upon us.”</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">Elizabeth declined. </span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 115%;">The Lincolns soon arrived in DC to get ready for
Lincoln’s inauguration. A DC woman
needed a dress made for a social meeting she had with the Lincolns, but Elizabeth turned it down due to the late
notice. The customer told her </span><span style="font-family: arial;">“I
have often heard you say that you would like to work for the ladies of the
White House. Well, I have it in my power to obtain you this privilege. I know
Mrs. Lincoln well, and you shall make a dress for her provided you finish mine
in time to wear at dinner on Sunday.”</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">The dress was made and Elizabeth was introduced to
Mary Todd Lincoln.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">They developed a
strong business and personal relationship.</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">Elizabeth’s only son, George, a Union soldier, was killed in battle
about six months before Willie Lincoln died.</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">Two mothers mourning the death of their sons bonded Elizabeth and Mary
Lincoln even closer.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">When Lincoln was
shot, Mary Lincoln cried out for Elizabeth to be brought to her side for
comfort.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In 1868, Elizabeth wrote a book about her years in
the White House, </span><i style="font-family: arial;">Behind the Scenes or Thirty Years a Slave, Four Years in
the White House, </i><span style="font-family: arial;">believing it would</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">help “redeem her own character as well as Mrs. Lincoln’s.”</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">There had been great controversy about Mrs.
Lincoln’s decision to try to sell some of her clothes to raise money and
Elizabeth had helped with this project.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">“By writing down the story of her enslavement, her
intimate conversations with Washington’s elite women, and her relationship with
Mary Lincoln, Keckly violated social norms of privacy, race, class, and
gender.</span><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial;">Although other formerly enslaved
people like Frederick Douglass wrote generally well received memoirs during the
same time period…..” , the book by Elizabeth, a black woman, seemed to enrage the
public, with some pointing this as a reason black women should not be educated.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Mrs. Lincoln felt “betrayed by the intimate details”
and never spoke to Elizabeth again. Elizabeth’s customers began disappearing
and she began training other seamstresses. “In 1892, she accepted a position as
the head of Wilberforce University’s Dept </span><span style="font-family: arial; line-height: 115%;">of Sewing and Domestic Science
Arts.” She died May 26, 1907, at the age
of 89, a t the National Home for Destitute Colored Women and Children.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><p></p>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-42738353905895363002015-06-17T14:50:00.000-07:002015-06-17T14:50:33.299-07:00May 7: Indiana Territory<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... May 7, 1800:</span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indianaterr.PNG/250px-Indianaterr.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Indianaterr.PNG/250px-Indianaterr.PNG" width="183" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A
bill is passed to divide the Northwest Territory and the Indiana Territory <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">is<span style="font-size: 10.6666669845581px;"> </span></a>created. The
capital was Vincennes, the oldest settlement in Indiana territory, and William
Henry Harrison, who would become the 9<sup>th</sup> President of the United
States, was made governor of the Territory less than a week later. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After Ohio,
Michigan and Illinois were formed (in
1803, 1805, and 1809), various areas in Indiana, particularly those near the
Michigan line and in Wayne County, by the Ohio line, wrote to the government
protested the distance of Vincennes from the rest of the people which made it
difficult to conduct business with travel times so far. In 1813, the capital was moved to Corydon. After a few years, complaints about the
distance again surfaced. It was decided in 1820 to move the capital to a more
central location and in 1821, the city of Indianapolis was founded just for
this purpose.</span></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-8058425634661065732015-06-17T14:07:00.000-07:002015-06-17T14:07:19.273-07:00May 6: Chinese Exclusion Act<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... May 6, 1882: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/bem0318/clips/chinese-exclusion-act/thumbnailImage" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/bem0318/clips/chinese-exclusion-act/thumbnailImage" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">President Arthur signed and approved the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">significant law restricting
immigration, that one senator called “the legalization of racial
discrimination.” </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">For the first time, Federal
law denied entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it “endangered
the good order of certain localities.” It was an absolute ten-year freeze or
moratorium for labor immigration from China. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="http://www.phschool.com/curriculum_support/brief_review/us_history/images/unit3a_dbq.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.phschool.com/curriculum_support/brief_review/us_history/images/unit3a_dbq.gif" height="182" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">While only intended to last ten years, the law was
intended to last only 10 years, but wasn’t repealed until 1943. The first </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">major Chinese immigration was during the California gold rush that started in
1848. The Chinese population was “tolerated” as long as the gold was plentiful,
but when the gold started running low, animosity toward “the foreigners” rose.
The Chinese immigrants moved to larger cities, such as San Francisco, and took
low paying jobs such as laundry and restaurant work where they were soon blamed
for depressed wage levels. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Chinese who were already in America when this bill
passed now had additional requirements.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">If they left the country, they had to get new certification to get back
in the country, something that was very difficult under the 1882 Act. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By 1943, the anti-Chinese feeling in America was much
subdued and Congress repealed all exclusion Acts, allowing 105 Chinese born
immigrants per year and gave foreign-born Chinese who were in America the right
to apply for naturalization.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sources include: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47">http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47</a> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?flash=true&doc=47"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?flash=true&doc=47</span></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-58162423440911706972015-06-16T10:28:00.000-07:002015-06-16T10:28:14.737-07:00May 5: Alan Shepard<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... May 5, 1961: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cdn.spacelog.org/2012-05-23T23.57.53/assets/website/missions/mr3/images/people/alan_shepard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cdn.spacelog.org/2012-05-23T23.57.53/assets/website/missions/mr3/images/people/alan_shepard.jpg" height="200" width="185" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alan Shepard
becomes the 1<sup>st</sup> American & the 2<sup>nd</sup> person in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">space </a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">on a short, 15 minute flight as part of the Mercury Seven astronauts, the first American space program.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In 1971, he became commander of Apollo 14 & the 5<sup>th</sup>
person to walk on the moon. “When reporters asked Shepard what he
thought about as he sat atop the Redstone rocket, waiting for liftoff, he replied,
‘The fact that every part of this ship was built by the low bidder.’” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="http://www.mobitee.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/lunar-golf-247661_thumb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="http://www.mobitee.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/lunar-golf-247661_thumb.jpg" height="148" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ten years later, at
the age of 47 and the oldest astronaut at the time, Shepard became the
commander of Apollo 14, becoming “the fifth and oldest person to walk on the
moon.” He was the only member of the
original Mercury Seven to walk on the moon. While he was on the moon, he hit
two golf balls. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Shepard died of
leukemia in 1998 and his wife of 53 yrs died 5 weeks later.</span><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-37331349757984013992015-06-16T10:08:00.000-07:002015-06-16T10:08:25.084-07:00May 4: Ida B. Wells<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... May 4, 1884:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<a href="http://www.projectsisterhood.org/wp-content/uploads/16-Ida-B-Wells-Perry-PIC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.projectsisterhood.org/wp-content/uploads/16-Ida-B-Wells-Perry-PIC.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ida
B. Wells, a schoolteacher, was sitting in a woman’s railroad car, reading, when the conductor
ordered her to move to the “Jim Crow” car. She refused, saying that was a
smoking car and she was in the ladies car.
When the conductor grabbed her, she “sunk her teeth” into his arm. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The 1875 Civil Rights Act had banned discrimination based on race on
transportation but in 1883, the Supreme Court declared this act
unconstitutional. The ruling said
Congress did not have the power to void discrimination acts by individuals as
it did on state action or laws </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">“</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #252525; line-height: 115%;">Private acts of racial discrimination were simply private wrongs that
the national government was powerless to correct”</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">When she <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">sued</a> the railroad for
her treatment, her attorney was paid off by the railroad, so she hired a white
attorney and won a $500 settlement. The
judge says she was indeed a lady. She
was a schoolteacher and was “dressed accordingly.” Her victory was overturned by the Tennessee
Supreme Court. Ms. Wells went on to be a
civil rights activist by being a journalist. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://soulofamerica.com/soagalleries/memphis/hist/Mem_Ida_B_Wells_markr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://soulofamerica.com/soagalleries/memphis/hist/Mem_Ida_B_Wells_markr.jpg" height="251" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As a journalist,
she became aware that the new black middle class was at risk when three of her
friends were lynched. Before this, she
had thought such lynchings, while deplorable, were targeted at those in the
lower class who may have been involved in activities that merited a kind of punishment. Her eyes were then opened to see that
lynchings were a way to “get rid of negroes who acquired wealth and property
and thus keep the race terrorized…..”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Sources include: </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases</a> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_B._Wells</a> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mF718GsrOI">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mF718GsrOI</a> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_wells.html">http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_people_wells.html</a> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html">http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html</a> </i></span></div>
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<a href="http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/idabwells.html"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/idabwells.html</i></span></a></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-81602962211542562852015-05-05T16:54:00.000-07:002015-05-05T16:54:12.088-07:00May 3: Mills College Allows Men to Enroll<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... May 3, 1990:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/2910794/thumbs/o-MILLS-COLLEGE-OAKLAND-570.jpg?4" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.huffpost.com/gen/2910794/thumbs/o-MILLS-COLLEGE-OAKLAND-570.jpg?4" height="214" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mills
College, a women’s college, voted to allow men to enroll as a means <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">to </a><span class="MsoCommentReference"> to help th</span>eir
financial situation. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The decision
resulted in a 2 week strike by students and faculty. Over 300 students blockaded the
administration offices and boycotted classes. Faculty and alumni supported the
student movement by offering pay cuts, to teach more classes, to collect more
endowment pledges and more alumni donations, showing the administration they
could survive their financial needs. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On May 18, the trustees reversed their
decision, becoming the only women's college
that reversed its financial decision to become coed because of the will of its
students, alumnae, and faculty.</span></div>
Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-38034856237159290362015-05-05T16:49:00.000-07:002015-05-05T16:49:05.641-07:00May 2: J. Edgar Hoover Dies<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ..... May 2, 1972: </span><br />
<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cp91279.biography.com/1000509261001/1000509261001_2046212874001_History-10-Things-You-Dont-Know-About-J-Edgar-Hoover-SF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cp91279.biography.com/1000509261001/1000509261001_2046212874001_History-10-Things-You-Dont-Know-About-J-Edgar-Hoover-SF.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Just before the
Watergate scandal erupted, </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">J. Edgar Hoover dies </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">after </a>re-creating and
leading the FBI for nearly 5 decades, serving under 8 presidents. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He built the
corruption-ridden agency into an efficient crime-fighting machine, establishing
a centralized fingerprint file, a crime laboratory, and a training school for
agents. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After WWII, he worked closely with the House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC) and Senator Joseph McCarthy, the architect of America's second
Red Scare. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By 1969, Congress was
suspicious of the FBI’s abuse of power and for the 1<sup>st</sup> time Hoover
found himself under criticism and the Congressional microscope. Because of these inquiries, Congress passed
laws requiring congressional approval of FBI appointments and limited time in
office to only 10 yrs.</span><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-15774145687557970842015-05-05T16:43:00.002-07:002015-05-05T16:55:16.619-07:00May 1: Movie "Citizen Kane" is released<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... May 1, 1941: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Orson_Welles-Citizen_Kane1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Orson_Welles-Citizen_Kane1.jpg" height="223" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Citizen Kane is
released. It bombs at the box office and
only after it’s re-release years
later did it actually receive the accolades it deserved. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.wellesnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Rosebud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.wellesnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Rosebud.jpg" height="167" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It is the film that gave us the famous single word line of "Rosebud".</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Previews of the film drew great reviews from
critics, except for one. The acclaimed Queen of Hollywood Gossip, Hedda Hopper,
didn’t like the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">way<span style="font-size: 10.6666669845581px;"> </span></a>Charles Foster
Kane portrayed her friend William Hurst.
She went to Hurst himself to complain who began running a campaign
against the film including refusing to run ads for it in his newspapers and
gaining support of people such as Louis B. Mayer. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wells threatened to sue Hurst
and RKO Pictures if the film wasn’t released. Only after its re-release did it
become a big hit, grabbing the #1 spot on the poll of America’s Greatest Films.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4mQqVqRB7I" target="_blank">Click here for a short clip......</a></span><br />
<br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-59119267042002554932015-04-29T15:22:00.000-07:002015-04-29T15:22:29.085-07:00April 29: "Ernest T. Bass"<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ..... April 28, 1963: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.thejimbolist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ernesttbass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.thejimbolist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/ernesttbass.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
character of Ernest T. Bass appears for the first time on The Andy Griffith Show. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Howard Morris played Bass for only five
episodes but is best remembered for this role in spite of his many other
accomplishments such as being a classically
trained Shakespearean actor. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was in the U.S. Army Special Service where his
commander was Maurice Evans (played the role of father to Samantha on
“Bewitched”). Other soldiers in the unit included Carl Reiner ("Alan Brady" of the Dick Van Dyke show) and Werner
Klemperer ("Colonel Klink" of the show "Hogan's Heroes"). Morris directed some of the
Dick Van Dyke and Hogan’s Heroes episodes. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/2f/70/8f/2f708f5dfdc3c53b1435c6aeb1eb8a82.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/2f/70/8f/2f708f5dfdc3c53b1435c6aeb1eb8a82.jpg" width="194" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He was a talented voice actor and in high demand for cartoons. Some of
his voices included Jet Screamer (“The Jetsons”), Mr. Peebles (“Magilla
Gorilla”), Jughead (“The Archie Show”), Hamburgler (McDonalds commercials),
Flem (“Cow and Chicken”), various voices on “The Flintstones” and many more. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many museums and universities host “Ernest T. Bass Day” in which people bring
in unidentified rocks for inspection by the science departments. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Morris died in 2005.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-15465035915276023602015-04-29T15:14:00.000-07:002015-04-29T15:15:44.531-07:00April 28: Muhammad Ali<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 28, 1967: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQf2narsmgMhlyZpzzJF_4_V9Wz393HbCUpPeNVjBzztrN0HR4iA" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQf2narsmgMhlyZpzzJF_4_V9Wz393HbCUpPeNVjBzztrN0HR4iA" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Muhammad
Ali refuses to be inducted in the Army during the war <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">with </a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vietnam, claiming
religious reasons.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He said, “I ain’t got
no quarrel with those Vietcong. They never called me n*****.”</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He was prosecuted for draft evasion and
sentenced to five years and $10,000 but remained out of jail during the appeal.
He was stripped of his title and banned from boxing for three years. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">On June
28, 1971, the Supreme Court overturned his draft evasion conviction with an 8-0
vote, saying the government had failed to properly specify why his application
for conscientious objector status had been denied</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-38497354095739787342015-04-28T14:28:00.000-07:002015-04-28T14:28:30.260-07:00April 26: Lucille Ball Dies<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 26, 1989: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://quotesbywomen.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lucille-ball-final.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://quotesbywomen.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lucille-ball-final.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lucille Ball dies a
week after open heart surgery, on the day of her </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">friend </a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Carol Burnett’s 56</span><sup style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">th</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> birthday.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Burnett received the flowers that Lucy had
ordered earlier for delivery on her birthday.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lucy was the first </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">woman to own her own film studio and the first</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> woman to receive the International Radio and Television Society’s Gold Medal. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Her
annual salary while President of Desilu was reported at $100,000 (in 1965, the
average annual salary in the U.S. was under $4700).</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1935, she signed her
first promotional agreement with Max Factor and again in 1942. Of all the
stars, she had the longest association with the Max Factor company. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">She started out as a model but was stricken by
rheumatoid arthritis early in her career and spent two years re-learning how to
walk. While making a 1933 movie, she was required to shave off her eyebrows and
they never grew back.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">She was also once
fired from an ice cream parlor for forgetting to put bananas in the banana
splits.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-15207537779367762052015-04-25T12:16:00.000-07:002015-04-25T12:16:34.755-07:00April 24: Library of Congress<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 24, 1800:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">John
Adams signs an Act of Congress to move the govt from Philadelphia to Washington
DC. Part of the bill provided for $5000
to establish a library for Congress, <span style="background: white; color: #252525;">"for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of
Congress ...,<span class="apple-converted-space"> “. </span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="apple-converted-space">Thomas Jefferson followed this in <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">1802<span style="font-size: 10.6666669845581px;"> </span></a></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">by signing the first law creating the
post of Librarian of Congress. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Library of Congress is the oldest federal
cultural institution in the U.S. and is the largest library in the world with
over 745 miles of shelves to hold close to 145 million items. It was first
housed in the Capital building until the British burned the Capitol in the War
of 1812.</span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/wp-content/themes/tah-main/images/imported/hfotw/library-of-congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/wp-content/themes/tah-main/images/imported/hfotw/library-of-congress.jpg" height="253" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Photo courtesy of www.teachingamericanhistory.org</span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jefferson sold his personal
collection of over 6000 books to rebuild the library. This collection was considered unique in that
it was a working scholar’s collection and not just a “gentleman’s collection”
used strictly for display. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white; color: #252525; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">While the library was originally established as a
research arm for Congress, it was Jefferson’s belief that “</span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">all subjects are important to the library of the American
legislature,” that formed the rationale behind the collection policies of the
library to this day.</span></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-71572997819051097412015-04-23T16:19:00.000-07:002015-04-23T16:19:15.295-07:00April 23: New Coke<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 23, 1985:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://beagleresearch.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/timenewcoke-copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://beagleresearch.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/timenewcoke-copy.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coca-Cola
made an announcement that forever placed them in the Top Ten of “Worst
Marketing Blunders” when the company announced the introduction of New
Coke. They discontinued producing the
original Coke formula and New Coke took its place (the formula for Diet Coke
was not changed, however). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Robert Goizueta
told employees when he became CEO in 1980 “There are no sacred cows in how the
company did its business”. The public was not amused, nor impressed. Ads that appeared on the Houston Astrodome
scoreboard were booed heavily by the crowd.
Cases of Coke were selling on the black market for $30 a case. Even
Fidel Castro, who was a big Coke fan, called New Coke “a sign of American
capitalistic decadence.” Goizueta’s own father, who had fled Cuba to avoid
Castro’s rule, said it was the only time he had agreed with Castro. Bill Cosby
discontinued being the Coke spokesman because he said Coke had damaged his
credibility. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.ipbrief.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/coke.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.ipbrief.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/coke.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The backlash was
so severe (thousands of phone calls and over 40,000 letters) that it only took
three months for Coca Cola to backpedal and re-introduce the original Coke
formula under the name of “Coke Classic” on July 10<sup>th</sup>. It was such big news that ABC’s Brian
Jennings interrupted “General Hospital” with the headline. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Within six months,
Coke sales increased at more than twice the rate of Pepsi and by the end of the
year, New Coke was a mere 3% of the market share. It was eventually
discontinued and “Coke Classic” was relabeled just plain “Coke” again. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"There is a
twist to this story which will please every humanist and will probably keep
Harvard professors puzzled for years," said Coke President Donald Keough
at a press conference. "The simple fact is that all the time and money and
skill poured into consumer research on the new Coca-Cola could not measure or
reveal the deep and abiding emotional attachment to original Coca-Cola felt by
so many people." </span></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-69169921743466562562015-04-22T15:01:00.001-07:002015-04-22T15:01:28.296-07:00April 22: Earth Day<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 22, 1970: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2015-03-12-1426188041-1888511-EarthDay.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2015-03-12-1426188041-1888511-EarthDay.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The first Earth Day is held
to promote awareness of the state of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">planet</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Polls the following year
indicate it worked: In 1971, 25% of the public stated that environmental
protection should be a goal. This was a 2500% increase over polls taken in
1969. “Earth Day” went global in 1990 with 140 participating nations. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The
brainchild of Sen. Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, the seeds of the idea came from
a bestselling book “Silent Spring” which raised awareness on the dangers of
pesticides. </span><span class="messagebody"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The chemical industry mounted a counterattack
against the book, calling author Rachel Carson a "hysterical woman,
unqualified" to write this kind of book.</span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Buy the book on Amazon (I make no commission on the sale of this book): </span></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=silent+spring" style="font-size: 11pt;">http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=silent+spring</a><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-39665331390292535752015-04-21T17:07:00.000-07:002015-04-21T17:07:20.341-07:00April 21: Lincoln's Funeral Train<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ..... April 21, 1865:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.in.gov/history/markers/images/tlft1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.in.gov/history/markers/images/tlft1.jpg" height="269" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Marker on the lawn of the Indiana State House, Indianapolis IN</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lincoln’s
funeral train leaves Washington in what became the nation’s first<span style="font-size: 10.6666669845581px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">national funeral. The
train also carried the exhumed coffin of his 11 year old son Willie (who had died
in 1862) so he could be buried next to his father. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The train traveled through seven states and 180 cities on its way to the burial site in Illinois, where Lincoln would be buried on May 4th. It stopped in
small & large cities with millions lining the railway in the rain, wind
& during the night to see the train. It was reported that people waited in line as long as five hours to walk past Lincoln's coffin.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">When the train went through (my hometown of)
Richmond, Indiana, Governor Oliver P. Morton boarded the train. At least 50,000
walked through the Indianapolis State House rotunda to view the open casket that
sat on display.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The train car that carried Lincoln's body was destroyed in a fire in 1911.</span></span></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-28859237837307599582015-04-10T19:04:00.000-07:002015-04-10T19:04:37.723-07:00April 10: American Patent System<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 10, 1790:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">President George Washington signed the bill which began the American <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">patent<span style="font-size: 10.6666669845581px;"> </span></a>system. For the first time in history, the law recognized the right of an inventor to profit from his
inventions. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Early patents were reviewed by Cabinet members until Jefferson
realized it was too much to handle. The official patent office was formed in
1802 to take care of the unpredicted volume. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.intellectualventures.com/images/made/assets_blog/800px-Pittsford,_Vermont_-_first_US_patent_600_450_70_c1_center_center_0_0_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.intellectualventures.com/images/made/assets_blog/800px-Pittsford,_Vermont_-_first_US_patent_600_450_70_c1_center_center_0_0_1.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first patent was issued in
1790 to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement in the making of potash (used for lye
soap). Hopkins also received the first Canadian patent for his invention.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first woman to receive a patent is a little muddled. In
1715, Sybilla Masters invented a new corn mill to make hominy from Indian
corn. She took the patent application to
England but the patent had to be issued in her husband’s name because she was a
woman. This makes her the first American
woman inventor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However the 1<sup>st</sup>
actual patent held by a woman was issued to Hannah Slater in 1793 for a new way
to spin cotton thread. Hannah was the wife of Samuel Slater, a prominent businessman and owner of multiple of mills and cloth spinning factories. Samuel Slater was trained in England and by the time he was 21, he was well versed in the machinery and their operation. He heard of America's growing interest in the machinery but England had laws that prevent the designs from being exported. He memorized as much about the machinery as possible and brought the information, all in his head, to America.</span></div>
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-38796600529478452592015-04-09T17:42:00.001-07:002015-04-09T17:46:47.707-07:00April 9: "Journey of Reconciliation"<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... April 9, 1947: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjor.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Members of
the Journey of Reconciliation in 1947. Left to right: Worth</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Randle, Wallace Nelson, Ernest Bromley,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USApeckJ.htm"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">James Peck</span></a></i><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAroodenko.htm"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Igal Roodenko</span></a></i><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br />
</span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USArustin.htm"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bayard
Rustin</span></a></i><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAfelmet.htm"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joseph Felmet</span></a></i><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAhouser.htm"><span style="background: white; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">George Houser</span></a></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i></span><i><span style="background: white; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and Andrew
Johnson.</span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sixteen men (eight white and eight black) begin a 2-week “Journey of Reconciliation” to challenge
segregation laws on interstate buses in the South. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inspired by the Supreme Court case Morgan v.
Virginia (that story to be posted on June 3), which declared segregation on
interstate buses to be unconstitutional. Many <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">southern</a> states were
blatantly ignoring this ruling. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The riders suffered several arrests but in
North Carolina, the judge showed his particular disdain for the white men
taking part in the rides: <span style="background: white;">"It's
about time you Jews from New York learned that you can't come down here
bringing your niggers with you to upset the customs of the South. Just to teach
you a lesson, I gave your black boys thirty days [on a<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white;">chain gang],
and I give you ninety."</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">The Journey of Reconciliation achieved a great deal of publicity and was the start of a long campaign of direct action by the Congress of Racial Equality. In February 1948 the Council Against Intolerance in America gave George Houser</span><span style="background-color: white;"> and Bayard Rustin</span><span style="background-color: white;"> the Thomas Jefferson Award for the Advancement of Democracy for their attempts to bring an end to segregation in interstate travel.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Sources include: </span></span><a href="http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjor.htm" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">http://spartacus-educational.com/USAjor.htm</a></i></span><br />
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Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-59619705487672337052015-04-08T15:00:00.000-07:002015-04-08T15:00:26.066-07:00April 8: 17th Amendment<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 8, 1913:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://watchdogwire.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/michigan/files/2013/09/17th-Amendment-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://watchdogwire.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/michigan/files/2013/09/17th-Amendment-2.jpg" height="263" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The <span style="font-size: 11pt;">17</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> amendment
was passed, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">allowing voters to
cast direct votes for U.S. senators, who were previously selected by state
legislators. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The founding fathers were not confident of the “common man’s”
ability to elect senators so they decided the politicians of each state, who
were deemed smarter and more informed, would elect the senators. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Each state elected two senators for a six-year term. But as political corruption, special interests and political machines moved into state politics, the elected senators were viewed as nothing but puppets. When one party or another dominated the state for lengthy periods of time, some open senate seats went unfilled for months and years.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6666669845581px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;">The "Oregon System" was tried. In Oregon, a primary was held to get the voters' choice and then the legislature would pledge candidates based on the voters' preference. However an investigation into corruption of this system in Illinois caused the realization that a constitutional amendment was needed to put the vote into the voters' hands and keep local politics (i.e. local corruption) out of it.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6666669845581px; line-height: 16.8666667938232px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">The 17</span><sup style="line-height: 115%;">th</sup><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
Amendment put the power of selection into the hands of the “common man”. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-42839275447995912752015-04-07T17:18:00.000-07:002015-04-07T17:18:44.993-07:00April 7: Crossing Burning is Free Speech<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... April 7, 2003: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs962PgHnBq6-upDcbRNPon2OF8crY3iTwo350WYXCbIMzIKjmXpMhuDZ4KLGsvpeBhnfdBsyl5FEwLV9wFRBvtHY1yAX5LCRGtZTS2u2o_o00o3TgcpKufcpAz8nVK9Q8cpsqpwWBlnM/s1600/burning_cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhs962PgHnBq6-upDcbRNPon2OF8crY3iTwo350WYXCbIMzIKjmXpMhuDZ4KLGsvpeBhnfdBsyl5FEwLV9wFRBvtHY1yAX5LCRGtZTS2u2o_o00o3TgcpKufcpAz8nVK9Q8cpsqpwWBlnM/s1600/burning_cross.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Supreme
Court decided the case of Virginia v. Black (5-<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">4) </a>that cross burning was protected under the First Amendment’s Freedom of
Speech, but, according to the opinion written by Sandra Day O’Conner, “..a
state, consistent with the First Amendment, may ban cross burning carried out
with the attempt to intimidate.” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In so doing, the Court created a new area of
constitutionally unprotected speech for “true threats.” </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Clarence Thomas wrote the dissent, stating,
“This statute prohibits only conduct, not expression. And, just as one cannot
burn down someone’s house to make a political point and then seek refuge in the
First Amendment, those who hate cannot terrorize and intimidate to make their
point.”</span><br />
<br />
<br />
.Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-54366990840654392652015-04-07T17:05:00.002-07:002015-04-07T17:05:45.125-07:00April 6: Happy Birthday, Twinkie!!<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in history .... April 6, 1930: </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://tbo.com/storyimage/TB/20130607/ARTICLE/130609752/AR/0/AR-130609752.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://tbo.com/storyimage/TB/20130607/ARTICLE/130609752/AR/0/AR-130609752.jpg" height="179" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Twinkies were invented by
James Dewar who worked as a baker for the Continental Baking Co (later to be
renamed Hostess). Dewar noticed the machines that made strawberry filled cakes
were dormant during the berry off season, he used the lady-finger shaped
machines to create a snack cake filled with banana cream. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During WWII, bananas were rationed and the
company switched to vanilla cream, which became so popular the banana filling
was not re-introduced. Bananas were in short supply, not because of a crop failure but because transportation priority was given to the war effort and space on ships and railroad cars was limited.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Twinkees became part of pop culture in movies and TV
shows.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Archie Bunker, for example, never
left for work without a Twinkie in his lunchbox!</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-41491814306984087212015-04-05T13:43:00.000-07:002015-04-05T13:43:06.158-07:00April 5: Only Japanese-American receives Medal of Honor<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ... April 5, 1945:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sadao_Munemori.jpg/150px-Sadao_Munemori.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sadao_Munemori.jpg/150px-Sadao_Munemori.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The actions of PFC Sadao S. Munemori resulted in him becoming the only Japanese American in WWII to receive the Medal of Honor, the Nation's Highest Honor.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In a battle near Seravezza, Italy, Munemori's unit was pinned down. When the unit leader was injured, leadership fell on the shoulders of Munemori. In a one-man frontal attack, he took out 2 machine guns with grenades. Withdrawing under "murderous fire" from the enemy, he had almost reached safety with his men when an unexploded grenade bounced off of his helmet and rolled toward his comrades. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Munemori threw his body on top of the grenade, saving his men. His citation reads that his act of heroism "cleared the path for his company's victorious advance."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sadao was a second-generation Japanese American, born in California. He volunteered for the Army one month before Pearl Harbor. After the Pearl Harbor bombing, Sadao, like other Japanese Americans in the military, was removed from combat training and assigned to menial labor tasks. In the meantime, his parents were incarcerated in one of the internment camps. In March 1943, he was permitted to be reassigned to a combat unit.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Munemori's medal was given his mother and is on display at the Smithsonian Institute.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
He is honored in multiple ways for his heroism including:</span><br />
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24.8888893127441px; list-style-image: url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sadeo S. Munemori Hall, a building located on the grounds of the Captain Nelson M. Holderman U.S. Army Reserve Center in West Los Angeles, California, was dedicated in his honor in 1993.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sadeo Munemori is memorialized by a statue in Pietrasanto Italy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Americna Legion Post 321 in Los Angeles is named for Sadeo Munemori</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><br /></i></span>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sources include: <a href="http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_1940_wwii/munemori_sadao.html">http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/citations_1940_wwii/munemori_sadao.html</a></span> </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></i>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-27264790102336554122015-04-05T13:24:00.002-07:002015-04-05T13:24:46.729-07:00April 4: Beatles set Record<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History .... April 4, 1964: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://cps-static.rovicorp.com/3/JPG_400/MI0003/685/MI0003685072.jpg?partner=allrovi.com" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://cps-static.rovicorp.com/3/JPG_400/MI0003/685/MI0003685072.jpg?partner=allrovi.com" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Beatles set an
all-time record on the Top 100 chart of "</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Billboard</a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">" </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">magazine this day. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">All five of the top songs were by the British rock group. In addition, The
Beatles also had the number one album as "Meet the Beatles" continued
to lead all others. The LP was the top album from February 15 through May 2,
when it was replaced by "The Beatles Second Album". </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was estimated
at the time that The Beatles accounted for 60 percent of the entire singles
record business during the first three months of 1964. The top five singles by
The Beatles this day were:</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) Can’t Buy Me
Love<br />
2) Twist and Shout<br />
3) She Loves You<br />
4) I Want to Hold Your Hand<br />
5) Please Please Me<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“What
song was number six?” you ask. "Suspicion" by Terry Stafford.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">source: </span><a href="http://www.440.com/twtd/archives/apr04.html" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">http://www.440.com/twtd/archives/apr04.html</a> </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></i>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-33605018191792654812015-04-03T15:16:00.000-07:002015-04-03T15:16:09.649-07:00April 3: First Issue of TV Guide is Published<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in history ... April 3, 1953:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.tvhistory.tv/1953_April_3_TV_GUIDE-LUCY.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.tvhistory.tv/1953_April_3_TV_GUIDE-LUCY.JPG" height="320" width="208" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
first TV Guide was published with Lucille Ball and her new son Desi Jr. on the cover. It sold at a
price of only fifteen cents. She was on the cover more than any other
celebrity, a total of 39 times with Johnny Carson coming in second with 28
covers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">TV Guide reached a
circulation of 1.5 million its first year and eventually peaked at 20 million
in the 1980s. Cable created a challenge
for the magazine and its circulation dropped to about 3 million.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7873995798957062674.post-26737681611369101002015-04-02T13:39:00.001-07:002015-04-02T13:39:19.149-07:00April 2: 17-Year-Old Girl Strikes out Babe Ruth<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On this date in History ..... April 2, 1931: </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 12.8pt;"><br /></span>
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<a href="http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Jackie-Mitchell-631.jpg__800x600_q85_crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://thumbs.media.smithsonianmag.com//filer/Jackie-Mitchell-631.jpg__800x600_q85_crop.jpg" height="152" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">17-year-old Jackie
Mitchell, the second woman to play baseball in the all-male minor </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">leagues, pitches an
exhibition game against the N.Y. Yankees and strikes out both Babe Ruth and Lou
Gehrig. Her appearance on the mound “…became a Depression Era sensation.” </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">Growing up in Memphis,
Mitchell had been coached by minor league pitcher Charles “Dazzy” Vance, who
later went on to lead the National League in strikeouts for seven years in a
row.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">Her family later moved to
Chattanooga where she joined a high school affiliated with the city’s Class-AA
Minor League team, whose president loved doing exhibitions to attract the
crowd.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">Mitchell was about to be one of
those crowd-attracting exhibitions.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">He
signed up Mitchell with what was possibly the first professional baseball
contract to a female.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">H</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">e invited the Yankees to
play his team against the 17-year old girl pitcher.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">After the regular pitcher
walked the first two batters, Mitchell was put on the mound to face what was
called “Murderers’ Row”.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">First up was
the Sultan of Swat himself, Babe Ruth.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">
</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">Figuring an easy hit, it is reported that Ruth took a relaxed stance and
took the first pitch as a ball.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">On the
second pitch, Ruth swung and “missed it by a foot”.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">When Mitchell struck out the home run king,
Ruth threw his bat down and retreated to the dugout. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">Next to bat was Lou
Gehrig, who would tie Ruth in 1931 for the lead in homers. He swung and missed
three consecutive pitches.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">17-year old
Mitchell walked the next batter and was then pulled from the game. </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;">The newspaper stories the
next day included a quote from Babe Ruth, who said, “</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 12.8pt;">women will
never make good” in baseball because they are too delicate. It would kill them
to play ball every day.” </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The day after she struck
out Ruth and Gehrig, the Baseball Commissioner voided her contract, claiming
baseball was too strenuous for women. The ban was not overturned until 1992.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; line-height: 12.8pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span>Debi Brimhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14966472533499099435noreply@blogger.com0